![]() ![]() Vaillant helped invent the Mezzotint technique (schraapkunst, or zwartekunst) with Prince Rupert of the Rhine when he was his tutor, performing experiments in etching techniques. He also traveled with his brothers to Frankfurt and Heidelberg. He moved with his parents in 1643 to Amsterdam, moved to Middelburg in 1647, and returned to Amsterdam in 1658. He is said to have been a student of Erasmus Quellinus II (1607–1678) in Antwerp. Wallerant Vaillant was the oldest of five brothers, who all became successful painters. Wallerant Vaillant, (1623 - 1677), was a painter of the Dutch Golden Age and one of the first artists to use the mezzotint technique, which he probably helped to develop. Children of the 2000s will be familiar with Charles II not for his domestic or foreign policies, but as the 'King of Bling' thanks to a hugely popular Horrible Histories sketch.Wallerant Vaillant after Anthony van DyckĪfter a detail from Anthony van Dyck's 1632 painting Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria with Charles, Prince of Wales and Princess Mary in the Royal Collection. Powers were restored to him throughout the early 1660s as the monarch's power to maintain an army and control the press, public officials and education were given back. By 1660, most English people wanted a legitimate monarchy back - and by 1660, after years of war and Cromwellian rule, the old King's son became King. He denied it but in some ways, as Lord Protector, became King in all but name - and when he died in 1658, it would be just two years until Charles II ascended to the throne.Ĭharles II was born in 1630 and his adolescence was dominated by his father's war. Overseeing a war with the Netherlands, and the conquering of Jamaica, and surviving a Royalist insurrection, Cromwell was invited to become King. The leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Parliamentarian forces, was to follow.Īfter a period as chairman of the Council of State, the executive which followed the King's death, Cromwell summoned a Protectorate Parliament and passed huge amounts of domestic policy and law reforms. Oliver Cromwell (Image: Hulton Archive/Getty Images)ĭespite not formally recognising the court's legality, he was ordered to be executed - and died on Tuesday, January 30 1649. In 1649, at the end of the second Civil War, Charles I was taken to Westminster Hall in front of a special court and convicted of high treason. The fallout would lead to the English Civil Wars - a nine-year set of conflicts between Parliamentarian Roundheads and Charles' Royalists. His refusal was followed by an order to arrest members of the House of Lords and House of Commons. Worried about Charles raising an army to suppress the rebellion in Ireland and wary he might then use it against Westminster, Parliament asked the King to surrender control of the Army. As rebellion brewed in Ireland and the Long Parliament narrowly approved the Grand Remonstrance - a devastating list of grievances with the King. When he called another 'Long' Parliament in 1640, it condemned his actions and had had one of his ministers beheaded.Ĭharles' hand was forced and he was made to agree that the Long Parliament couldn't be dissolved without his own consent. Now at war with Scotland, the King would call the so-called 'Short Parliament' but dissolved it again after it showed opposition to the war. Eventually the relationship turned so sour that Charles I did not call a Parliament for 11 years. The animosity bubbled and reached a point where the Commons tried impeaching their King for treason - leading him to dissolve Parliament and dismiss the chief justice. READ MORE: The national mourning plans now in place following the Queen's death Parliament refused Charles the power to impose customs duties, a power given to previous monarchs. ![]() Tension between the King and Parliament had heightened during his reign as Parliament grew frustrated with Charles' foreign policy and the war with Spain - and over religious differences with their monarch who preferred a different form of Christianity. After the death of his older brother and a shy and illness-ridden childhood, his 24-year reign as King ended in his death and the temporary end of the monarchy. King Charles I, the son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark, inherited the throne in 1625 and almost immediately placed himself at odds with Parliament, which sought to limit his royal prerogative. With this, he becomes the third Prince of Wales to take a title and a name - King Charles - whose history has become steeped in conflict between Parliament and the monarchy. Following the death of Queen Elizabeth II, her son Charles has officially become King Charles III. ![]()
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